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leaves

Leaves are lateral appendages of the trunk and its branches. They are often green in them because they contain a lot of chlorophyll, a pigment needed by plants for photosynthesis, which allows them to "breathe." The leaves are also the site of gas exchange with the external environment.

There are many types of leaves, even if we know the most nomofilli , that the leaves on the branches are seen!

But there are also embriofilli (cotyledons) that are inside the seeds (if only monocots, dicots if there are two), the catafilli found in barrels in the ground, the ipsofilli (bratee) of flowers, the whole fruit (sepals and petals of flowers), the sporofilli (leaves carrying spores, which are necessary for reproduction).

leaf as it classical, is characterized by a sheet, a petiole and stipules, which are short appendages at the base of the stalk. The foil is the green (or color) of the leaf. Some leaves are even colorless ( plant Aucuba ) or stained for the presence of red pigments called anthocyanins. When the leaf is about to fall to the ground becomes of other colors such as yellow, orange or red, as it moves from leaf chlorophyll, and this is filled with carotenoids. The stem is that part that starts from the branch and arrives at the base of the lamina, a dark color.

The leaves possess ribs, which are those streaks that you see with the naked eye and feel by touching the plate (especially at the bottom of it). Depending on the types of ribs, there is a classification of the leaves:

1) uninervie leaves (only one rib, such as conifers, pine for example);

2) parallelinervie leaves (veins almost parallel to each other, such as maize);

3) penninervie leaves (a the leaf midrib divides into two almost equal parts, the common characteristic of the leaves, such as the apple);

4) palminervie leaves (the leaf is shaped like the palm of your hand and slide the ribs in each "finger ", as the screw);

5) leaves peltinervie (ribs start from the center of the leaf to go in all directions, like spokes of a wheel).

There are also free leaf veins, such as those of Gingko Biloba , leaves very old and unique in the world, with grooves parallel to each other and particular shape.

Other classifications grouped in pinnate leaves (a pen), palmate (shaped like the palm of your hand), and peltate.

The deciduous are those who fall each end of the growing season (every season), while the persistent leaves are evergreen plants and last longer than a season.

Each leaf may also have margins of , which are divided into whole, serrated, toothed, crenate, wavy, lobed, parties.

For a detailed classification and precise you can refer to this page .

apple leaf

grape leaf

peltinervia leaf (water lilies)

leaf pine

gingko biloba leaf

corn leaf

examples of leaf margins

NOTE: All images are taken from the web.

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Viruses

Viruses are intracellular parasites that obliged to live in need of a living cell. The virus is the Virion , which may contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). In this way we can classify the virus DNA or RNA. DNA viruses generally have a double-stranded DNA wrapped around itself, while the RNA has a single RNA molecule. There are also human retrovirus , such as HIV and T-cell leukemia Viruses are also made from Capsid , an envelope protein consists of 5 / 6 units called capsomeres. Among DNA viruses include Herpes Simplex Virus and Zooster, the smallpox virus, papilloma virus, RNA viruses are the influenza, rubella, measles.

Viral infection is manifested by the attachment of the virion to the cell membrane. Following is the penetration, with the insertion of nucleic acid in the host cell nucleus, leading subsequently to cell lysis. Once the DNA is transcribed, the host cell dies and gives way to the virus.

Examples of viruses:

poxvirus - smallpox

Herpes virus - Herpes Simplex, Varicella Zooster, Epstein Barr, Cytomegalovirus

Adenovirus

Parvovirus - Virus rats

Rabdovirus - rabies, vesicular stomatitis

Togavirus - yellow fever, dengue virus

Rubellavirus - rubella

picornaviruses - poliomyelitis and enteric viruses

Leucovirus - cancer, Rous sarcoma, leukemia in rats

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's law Gay-Lussac

Gay Lussac was a French-born scientist, who discovered that when two gases react, the relationship between the volumes of reagents and products are always the same as the relationship between whole numbers.

For example, a volume of hydrogen reacts with chlorine giving a volume of two volumes of hydrochloric acid, according to the reaction:

H + Cl → HCl

Again, two volumes of hydrogen react with oxygen to give a volume of two volumes of water, according to the reaction:

H + O2 → H2O

First Law of Gay Lussac : constant pressure, the volume of a gas increases with ' increasing temperature.

V0 = volume of gas at a temperature of zero degrees Celsius

V (T) = volume to a temperature greater than zero:

Alpha = expansion coefficient of gas (volume increase immediately by a unit volume gas when its temperature rises 1 ° C).

If the temperature is not taken as a reference in degrees centigrade but in degrees Kelvin, the law becomes:

second law Gay Lussac : constant volume the pressure of a gas increases with temperature.

P0 = pressure of a gas at 0 ° C;

P (T) = pressure at a temperature greater than 0 ° C;

Alpha coefficient of expansion of the gas (relative increase of gas pressure when the temperature rises 1 ° C).

If the temperature is in degrees Kelvin, the law becomes:

Both these laws are valid not too high pressures and temperatures close to the liquefaction of gases. It is therefore more occurred when a gas behaves like a perfect (ideal).